Susan Glaspell’s Trifles and Jury of Her Peers Essay Example

Susan Glaspell’s Trifles and Jury of Her Peers Essay The role of women has for long interested numerous talented authors. The development of our society was marked by changes in social attitudes towards women, and their place in the society. Speaking about women in literature, we often turn our heads towards Kate Chopin, forgetting about other prominent writers. Susan Glaspell was not recognized as a feminist author until the end of the 1970s. Her works are interesting in terms of a woman’s position in the then society against the position women currently hold. It will be interesting to re-consider the role of women in Glaspell’s works Trifles and Jury of Her Peers.The time during which Susan Glaspell was creating her works was known for having strict boundaries between private and public lives of people. However, this time has also become the start of erasing these boundaries.â€Å"No longer relegated to the home, but not yet accepted in the marketplace, women were caught in a position of liminality, pinned between the traditional female and male world by the expectations of both.† (Shafer 92)Susan Glaspell’s brilliant works have become the source of profound research of how law and justice were opposed to the gender differences. They have become the symbols of the female ethos, and of the gradual transformation of the relationships between women – from cold distance to concealing the evidence of the crime. While it is possible to admit that Glaspell’s stories were the evidence of the brilliant gender story, they are better be called â€Å"feminist†, because Glaspell’s stories do not depict women and men neutrally; the author emphasizes the socially inferior (but in reality, superior) position of a woman during that time.While the two works obviously relate to the same plot and are the two descriptions of the one case, the murder of John Wright by his wife, they supplement each other and make different emphases on the one and the same case. Speaking the nam e of the story symbolizes the negligence men displayed towards women. What men traditionally considered being trifles (the fact that preserves would be gone due to the very cold weather during the night), was very meaningful and important for women. This lack of understanding between the two genders risked being turned into a real conflict. In case with Minnie Wright and her husband the conflict had far reaching consequences. As for Jury of Her Peers, the emphasis in this story is also noticed in its title: the two women (virtually, Minnie’s juries) have become the expressions of the women’s search for fairness (Makowsky 24). This fairness was also lacking in the then women-men relationships, and women were often treated as mere housewives, without any regard to them as humans. The small dead bird with its head twisted was the biggest proof that men lacked hearts, warmth and understanding of their women. A small bird which had been a live creature became the victim of John Wright’s anger, as one may suggest reading both works. As a result, Minnie’s soul could not take those tortures any longer.The position of the woman in the society as depicted by Glaspell is the revelation for the reader: it is the clear picture of how emotional and empathic essence of a woman is different from the morality and theoretical principles, to which men keep (Smith 174). The redefinition of the crime, which Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale performed in the process of their small investigation, rested more in the morality of concealing the facts of the crime to save Minnie, than in morality to reveal the truth.From the viewpoint of the woman’s position in the society at that time, the following suggestions can be drawn. The place of a woman at that time was no more significant than that of the housewife, who had to make her everyday chores without demanding anything in return. â€Å"There is a great deal of work to be done on a farm† (Glaspell). T his work was mainly performed by women, while men were working outside. Men had their working day finished at the same hour everyday, and women had to work as long as they were awake (Smith 175). Nevertheless, they were still viewed as the weaker sex, who could not think clearly and could not care about anything else, except for â€Å"trifles†. Glaspell’s aim was to oppose women to men, and the mere fact that the two wives managed to resolve the crime, while their husbands kept looking for the evident truth without any progress, is very symbolic. â€Å"Bound by the rigid stereotypes and the inability to step into Minnie’s shoes to solve the crime, the men who are supposed to be primary investigators in the case, miss all of the clues and are unknowingly outwitted by their wives† (Alkalay-Gut 3). Glaspell has created significant tension between the men and the women in the story, by making women open to what men have remained blind.Is the position of the c ontemporary woman is different from that in the discussed stories? Both â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no†. Surely, women in our society possess unlimited freedoms and equal rights in pursuing their goals. Moreover, their goals are no more limited by household chores, as in the case with Minnie Foster. It should be noted, that Glaspell took a real life case to create the plot of the two works; this is why both Trifles and Jury of Her Peers were more than realistic; they were real (Angel 95). In Glaspell’s stories, the kitchen was described and referred to as the only domain, in which Mrs. Wright existed. She could not allow doing anything beyond her household chores. Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters could easily determine Mrs. Wright’s way of thinking, because they were in the same situation. Consequentially, the three women represented a typical picture of a woman during the time, when the stories were being written. â€Å"In the case with Trifles, the details of life, that accumulation of insignificant trivia, reveal the basic framework of the familial relationship and ultimately explain the cause of this family violence that led to the murder† (Angel 95). Not only was the fact of being tied to kitchen the representation of the women’s position in society. The fact of being isolated from the rest of the world greatly contributed into the fact of murder. What we see now seems to represent the perfect social surrounding in which women can do anything they want, without being limited to traditional female roles. It is difficult to disagree, that we witness the growing number of female scientists, actors, singers, public figures, and even presidents. Simultaneously, we also witness the growing number of cases, when women are mistreated and when the rights of women are neglected, either openly or secretly.We live in the society, which despite the frequent declaration of the rights’ equality, cannot totally break the existing prejud ices and clichà ©s about women. The major difference between the women’s position today and the position of women in Glaspell’s society is that people at that time did not strive to break the boundaries of the female world, and to expand the role of women beyond their households. What we currently witness is actually a partially successful fight of women for their deserved place in the civil society. Glaspell was capable of attracting the readers’ attention towards the gender inequality between men and women during 1900’s. However, the fact that her stories and their hidden meanings were discovered only by the end of the 1970s, tells much (Makowsky 39). It means that until that time the world did not notice or did not want to notice the limitations women were facing on their way towards personal development.â€Å"It’s all perfectly clear, except for the reason for doing it. But you know juries when it comes to women. If there was some definite th ing – something to show. Something to make a story about. A thing that would connect up with this clumsy way of doing it† (Glaspell).Female inferiority is viewed even in this short passage. The juries, who tend to turn criminal cases which involve women into scandals or shows; the inability of a man to find hidden motives of the female crimes, when these motives are in the way men treated women; the â€Å"clumsy† evaluation of the murder itself – all these remarks contribute into the overall picture of how women were judged.There is another visual difference between the positions women took in the stories. What Glaspell has depicted was the solidarity and unity of several women in grief or in trouble. They treated each other with understanding, though they also realized they were committing a crime. Their understanding was first revealed in the way the two women were investigating the kitchen: it was real investigation worth of professional detectives (Sha fer 103). Where the men saw only a mess of things, the women saw the profound implications and were searching the reasons of why Mrs. Wright had left all her work unfinished. When the woman was so responsible for everything in her house, there had to be solid reasons to make her leave everything as it was.We are provided with the latest technical achievements, which help us in our everyday lives, and which will finish everything for us in case we have to leave. We possess more favorable social position, and we try to argue and to defend our position in society. We do not accept being inferior and are capable of legally proving our equality. Women at 1900’s could not afford such luxury. â€Å"Women were degraded, because they were not given the credit of accomplishment of a harvest, but it was always seen as the man does everything† (Alkalay-Gut 8).Can we hope at fair decision for a woman in crime? The modern legal system has all prerequisites to make this true. Glaspel l has created a picture of the situation in which the law was inapplicable to the case of Mrs. Wright. All characters of both stories understood that in case Minnie’s guilt was proved, she would not escape severe punishment. Thus, the society at that time was torn between the concept of justice represented by law, and the concept of â€Å"kitchen justice†, of which the juries were Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale. The fair trial which is possible in our world is impossible in the world described in Trifles and Jury of Her Peers. Glaspell has depicted the dramatic distance between the laws of kitchen and the laws of the outside world, which would not leave any chance for Minnie. If Minnie lived in our time she would possibly have more chances to be justified and to be understood.The question is whether the moral dilemma which Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale faced would be resolved in the same manner if both lived in our society. They â€Å"dispense justice by circumventing the law and are clearly secure about the correctness of their actions, realizing the superiority of their secretiveness† (Angel 96). It becomes clear that while women were less protected by law, they had higher level of solidarity between each other; our society cannot boast having the same features. Our solidarity is replaced by competitiveness, and while our women strive for holding better position, they lose the intrapersonal ties, which women earlier possessed.   Even if the two women risked concealing some facts about the crime, our modern investigational technologies and the legal obligations to be open with justice would totally neutralize these efforts with possibly negative legal consequences for all of them (Angel 96).Glaspell was speaking not only of the female isolation, but the power of the woman’s powerlessness. The author was trying to attract our attention to the need of legally addressing the discussed issues in women’s existence. What do we have now? The issues have been and are being addressed, but only legally, and not morally. We keep speaking about morale, but we constantly experience considerable difficulties in limiting law from morale, or trying to combine them. The women in Glaspell’s stories could not wait until laws would be created to protect them. They decided that they had to take their rights and to exercise them for their benefit. They have actually depicted the start of the process, in which women would gain enough powers to prove their righteousness. Glaspell had created the writing, in which women were displayed through the prism of male vision – â€Å"through the masculine percepts and confirms of the male value system, authenticating the power of the public sphere by the perceived need to replicate it† (Alkalay-Gut 8). Simultaneously, the invisibility assigned to women by the societal norms at that time has led to the irreversible effects on justice, about which men did not have any idea. The two stories by Susan Glaspell – Trifles and Jury of Her Peers carry profound messages as for the real and the possible role of the woman in the society. The author was successful in showing the inferiority, which was assigned to women at that time, while in reality men did not realize the power of women. It is interesting and useful to compare gender roles in Glaspell’s stories and in our society. There are significant differences, but there are also meaningful similarities. The differences are mainly caused by the improved legal framework, which has addressed the issues in Glaspell’s stories but which has not resolved all of them. We still face the conjunction of the legal equality and our conscience, which rejects this equality, and the possibility of women being equal to men.ConclusionThe isolation in Glaspell’s stories was not overcome, but has changed its character. While Glaspell’s women were isolated from the rest of the world, and were limited in their kitchen space, contemporary women hardly know what means solidarity. They are isolated from each other. The situation which was described by Glaspell will never take place in our society because the position of the woman has changed: she has acquired new rights and can now fight for her equality. The problem is that in cases when moral should serve the basic evaluation criteria, women do not have any space to step away from the law. Glaspell has depicted the woman in her social inferiority, but she has also shown the possibility of real human relations between several women. What we have now is the total power of law, on which we rely in difficult situations, but women need some human support, which they lack at present. The conflict remains unchanged, though it has acquired some tint of justice in it. It is difficult to expect that the discussed dilemma will be resolved in the nearest time.

How to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations

How to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations How to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations How to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations By Mark Nichol The guidelines for quoting a person or a publication are detailed but straightforward. Here is a summary of basic procedures. If a quoted word, phrase, sentence, or longer unit of text is described appositively (that is, if a descriptive word or phrase equivalent to the text it describes is immediately adjacent to that text), as in â€Å"Consider the saying ‘A stitch in time saves nine,’† note that no punctuation intervenes between the description (here, saying) and the saying itself. However, if a simple attribution such as â€Å"Smith said† directly precedes a quotation, separate the attribution from the quotation with a comma: â€Å"Smith said, ‘A stitch in time saves nine.’† But if the attribution is an independent clause that sets the context for the quotation (as in â€Å"Smith had this to say about the issue: ‘A stitch in time saves nine’†), use a colon after the attribution, as shown. When a seamless integration of the attribution and the quotation occurs, omit punctuation between them and do not capitalize the first word of the quotation (unless it is a proper noun), even if it began a sentence in its original spoken or written form: â€Å"The commission asserts that ‘as a general rule, the full board should have primary responsibility for risk oversight.’† Reducing a full quotation to a partial one is also a good strategy when a speaker says something eloquent, pithy, or vivid but does so as part of a bland, convoluted, or ungrammatical statement. If the quotation is an incomplete sentence, or you want to isolate the effective part of the sentence, format the partial sentence as described above: â€Å"Smith said that he hoped to ‘knock some sense into people’ with his new program.† (Note that a paraphrase can follow as well as precede a partial quotation, with no intervening punctuation.) However, if it’s not necessary or desirable to use any of the source’s exact words, paraphrase the entire comment: â€Å"Smith said that he hoped to attract some attention to the issues with his new program.† When the attribution occurs in the midst of a quotation, commas should precede and follow the quotation: â€Å"‘As a general rule,’ the commission asserts, ‘the full board should have primary responsibility for risk oversight.’† Note that- in American English, at least- the first comma always precedes the close quotation mark(s), because it is part of the quotation, but the second comma precedes the open quotation mark(s), because it is part of the attribution. (Exercise caution when inserting an attribution near the beginning of a quotation, however; doing so before any significant information is provided within the quotation is distracting- why prematurely identify the source of what is, so far, nearly devoid of context or meaning?) Attribution often follows a quotation: â€Å"‘As a general rule, the full board should have primary responsibility for risk oversight,’ the commission asserts.† If an attribution divides one full sentence from one or more other sentences, the first sentence should end with a comma (or a question mark, an exclamation point, a dash, or an ellipsis) preceding the close quotation marks, but a period should follow the attribution, and the remaining quoted content should begin with a capital letter: â€Å"‘As a general rule, the full board should have primary responsibility for risk oversight,’ the commission asserts. ‘However, other parties may be involved in monitoring risk.’† (Avoid delaying attribution in a quotation consisting of two or more full sentences beyond one sentence, and even consider inserting the attribution in the midst of a long, convoluted sentence so as not to excessively postpone its appearance.) Use a question mark if the quotation is an interrogative or an exclamation point if the content of the quotation preceding the attribution merits that emphasis, employ a dash to indicate suddenly interrupted dialogue, or insert an ellipsis if the speaker deliberately leaves the statement unfinished. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)The Four Sounds of the Spelling OUThe Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

Causes of Prejudice

Prejudice is an opinion that is not based on actual evidence or experience. In â€Å"Causes of Prejudice,† Vincent Parillo describes the psychological and sociological reasons of prejudice. Among these causes, frustration is defined to produce a prejudicial attitude towards others. Parillo explains in his work that throughout history, minority groups have been used as scapegoats to take the blame for certain events. He clarifies that scapegoating is the act of blaming others for an incident that is not their fault. This idea is also visible in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, in the part where a lawyer named Atticus tries to prove an African American innocent who has been falsely charged with raping a white woman. Therefore, both Parillo’s â€Å"Causes of Prejudice† and Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird support that frustration is a cause of prejudice because of an increase in aggression towards a scapegoat. To begin with, frustration is caused by relative deprivation, which is the lack of resources in an individual’s environment when compared to others. This results in aggression towards a scapegoat in order to relieve this tension. â€Å"Frustrated people may easily strike out against the perceived cause of their frustration. However, this reaction may not be possible because the true source of the frustration is often too nebulous to be identified or too powerful to act against† (Parillo 583). His view is also seen in To Kill a Mockingbird, when Mayella Ewell claims Tom Robinson has raped her. Atticus tries to prove to the jury that Tom Robinson in fact did not rape Mayella and that she, a white woman, kissed Tom, a black man. Mayella is an Ewell; a very poor family in the town of Maycomb and therefore she has to live through tough conditions which include living behind the garbage dump, barely having any money to support her dad and seven siblings, as well as being beaten by her own father. Most importantly, she is frustrated that she always feels dissatisfied with her life since she was never able to experience any happiness by being isolated from the rest of the world. Therefore, she tries to at least kiss a black man to feel some sense of happiness. When she realizes it is condemned by society, her frustration increases partly because society is not allowing her to have a small amount of happiness, and so she shows her aggression by blaming Tom Robinson for raping her. In addition, aggression resulted from frustration is pinpointed towards scapegoats because they share similar characteristics of being vulnerable to blame. â€Å"The group must be (1) highly visible in physical appearance or observable customs and ac ¬tions; (2) not strong enough to strike back; (3) situated within easy access of the dominant group . . .† (Parillo 584). To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in southern Alabama in the 1930’s. This was the time period where prejudice against African Americans was present. Segregation was present because having white skin was seen to be better than having black skin. This simple difference in skin color resulted in an unfair treatment of African Americans. Separate bathrooms, drinking fountains, churches, and schools resulted for African Americans and whites. Also, since whites felt that the blacks were inferior to them, they tended to assume all blacks were unintelligent. When Mayella copes with her frustration of being isolated from the rest of the world by blaming Tom Robinson, the court looks at his skin color instead of the evidence given for this case. Even though Atticus provides plenty of evidence that proves that it was impossible for Tom to commit the rape of Mayella, Tom is still found guilty because even if Mayella is part of the lower class of Maycomb, she is still a white woman, making her superior to Tom Robinson. It is evident that frustration plays an important role in determining prejudicial attitudes. Both the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and â€Å"Causes of Prejudice† by Vincent Parillo, agree that frustration is caused by relative deprivation and when aggression forms, the blame is placed on scapegoats. These scapegoats share similar characteristics which allow them to be vulnerable to the blame that falls upon them.

Career review and action plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career review and action plan - Essay Example This self-awareness forms part of what Goleman calls ``emotional intelligence which is an important emotional competency and cornerstone in one’s personal success. (McCarthy and Garavan 1999). Concretely, emotional intelligence is defined as a â€Å"form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action† (Salovey & Mayer, 1990 cited in Cherniss, 2000 pg. 4). Emotional intelligence is not only beneficial to me in terms of enhancing my professional success through social competency but could also improve my relationship to others. This improved relationship with others has several beneficial implication. On a personal level, it will improve my personal relationship with others making my personal life richer and fuller. On a professional level, it will make me an effective member of any organization be it a b usiness organization or a simple sports team. Self-awareness with a conscious effort to improve, to understand oneself as one relates to other people is an indispensable skill and trait that one must have if one is to succeed in one’s personal career particularly if it involves people. It is because getting things done particularly on large scale involves working with other people from varying background (social, education, culture, etch), other teams and the ability to work with others requires emotional and social competency to effectively relate to others of which self-awareness is a requisite. Psychometric and personality test are useful tools that help determine ones personality, character and motivation that would serve as a guide or signpost in charting one’s action plan. As the legendary strategist Sun Tzu said that knowing oneself is half in winning a battle. This

Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's Term Paper

Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's history - Term Paper Example This paper discusses how volcanic activities have caused climate change, and the resulting impact on earth’s history. How Volcanoes induce climate change Although large scale volcanic eruptions last only a few days, the effect of these eruptions on climate on the Earth can last for several years. At first, scientists believed that the dust emitted from volcanic eruptions blocked the solar radiation from reaching earth thereby leading to cooling of the earth. However, measurements later indicated that most of this ejected dust returns back to earth within six months of the volcanic eruption. The stratospheric data suggests that during large explosive volcanic eruptions, large quantities of greenhouse gases (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas are also expunged into the atmosphere. SO2 reacts with the water vapor in the stratosphere and converts to sulfate aerosols, which are sub-micron droplets containing 75% sulfuric acid. These aerosols form a dense optically bright haze layer. Typically, they stay in the stratosphere for 2-4 years. Now, the large quantities of greenhouse gases released by volcanoes trap the heat radiated off the surface of the earth and form a sort of insulation around the planet. Further, the volcanic aerosol clouds scatter a significant amount of incoming Sun’s radiation back to space. This effect is known as â€Å"radiative forcing† that can last for up to 2-3 years following a volcanic eruption. Due to these two combined effects, the Earth experiences a change in climate pattern (NASA, 2011). Evidence of climate change due to volcanic eruptions Observational evidence has also shown that volcanic eruptions and lowering of global temperatures are correlated. Four of the largest eruptions in the recent past have been associated with significant lowering of average global/regional temperatures (DGSDU, 2011) - the eruptions of Laki, Iceland in 1783, Mt Tambora, Indonesia in 1815, Krakatu, Indonesia in 1883, and two large vol canic eruptions occurred within a gap of one month in 1991 – one in Philippines (Pinatubo) and Chile (Mt Hudson) in 1991. Over the next two years, the mean world temperature was observed to have dropped by about 1 °C. Research on the recent eruption of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland in 2010 showed that the effect of volcanoes on climate change could have been previously underestimated by 7 to 8 orders of magnitude (Boulon, Sellegri, Hervo, & Laj, 2011). This leads us to believe that there could have been a significant effect of volcano-induced climate change that significantly impacted the earth history. Impact on earth history The volcanic activity as we see today is only a small proportion of the level of volcanic activity of the historical past when large scale volcanic eruptions were much more common, long lasting, and frequent. Thus, the volcano induced climate change could possibly even have led to major changes in earth’s history. For example, approximately 70,000 years ago, a large scale volcanic eruption of Mt Toba, Sumatra may have caused a terribly cold winter leading to the coldest 1000 years of the Last Ice Age (Michigan Tech, 2011). Sev Kender conducted research on the middle Miocene period (16 to 11.5 million years ago) and found that super-volcanic eruptions may have caused terribly cold win

Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance Essay Example for Free

Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance Essay The report discusses the many flaws in organized financial markets but concludes that these markets should continue to operate on principles of initiative or creativity and with a reasonable amount of government regulation. While greed may be part of the cause of financial market instability, naivety and delusion contributed as well. Innovation in computer technology coupled with the work of Black and Scholes in options pricing gave rise to the modern derivatives markets. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) Natural selection happens in financial markets where companies are constantly changing to the latest product, i. e. retail banks began to focus on investment banking, and investment banks moved into the arena of hedge funds. The report calls into question the new form of financial market regulation. A major area of focus of the report is what factors lead to the boom and bust market cycles that lead to financial instability. The report describes three concepts, globalization, liberalization, and technological innovation as triggers of market booms, busts, and financial instability. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) This paper responds to each of these ideas as set forth in the report. Globalization According to the report globalization embraced by emerging markets along with low inflation in developed markets made credit grow more quickly and easily. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) However, as the markets are today, developed countries such as the U. S. and the U. K. are in near to full blown inflationary economies. Most global markets are exposed to the U. S. subprime crisis. (Caruana) However, many emerging markets can limit their exposure to the crisis by managing their levels of greed and fear. Greed is limited when these emerging markets do not invest in the derivative securities created by the subprime markets. Fear is managed when countries utilize resources such as the International Monetary Fund, the IMF, for lending facilities that will serve to shore up a country’s credit needs and support the county’s banking and financial institutions’ lending and business investment activities. Liberalization Liberalization in terms of relaxing or reducing banking and financial industry regulations in countries such as Japan and the U. S. has led to property value booms and bubbles which are followed by a bust cycle and finally financial instability. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) It can be argued that greed, particularly in the U. S. , led to a relaxation of banking and financial industry regulation in order to facilitate greater innovation, liquidity, and credit availability in the financial markets. Hedge funds are thought to provide great efficiency, liquidity, and returns in U. S. capital markets. Industry regulation, therefore, should have served to facilitate innovation in the hedge fund industry while protecting it from a financial crisis. (Bartiromo) This, however, was not the case. Widespread fears, both speculative and proven, about decline in assets values caused the federal government to step in with a new level of financial liberalization through bank ownership. Previously regulation was intended to provide a legal framework in which the financial markets could operate. The current level of fear has changed the goal of regulation and extended the methods of regulatory activity to include providing financing and operational assistance or mandate to the financial markets. Innovation New technology industries are thought to create the need for specialized types of financing. (Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance) This concept may work in a normally functioning economy. However, one can look at the alternative energy market to see that this concept is not working in the current economy. Industries like energy technology are capital intensive. Newer, more capital intensive industries generally depend on financing from private equities and hedge funds. (Alt-Energy Firms Sink With Prices, Credit; New fuels) Prior to 2008 fear caused the hedge funds and private equities to invest less in capital intensive industries. More recently as many hedge funds disappeared due to insolvency, this designer type of financing is no longer available to new technology industries. The only existing sources of financing available to energy technology, particularly in the U. S. , is government investment or financing from financial institutions in which the U. S. government has a financing or operational interest. Conclusion the results of Greed and Fear Greed and fear has led to current regulatory practices in which many governments are now owners of many financial institutions as opposed to simple regulatory agencies. The new trend in globalization will be that central banks in both developing and emerging market countries will manage their countries financial markets and systems in a way that will limit exposure to booms and busts in international markets. Once more governments develop controlling interests in banking and other financial institutions the original liberalization referred to in the report should return and these institutions will be able to re-create innovative financing. Governments will regulate these institutions on two fronts – as shareholders and as policymakers. As owners of banks and financial institutions, governments will also become investors in new technologies such as the clean energy industry. Where hedge funds and private equity firms no longer exist at previous levels, new technology firms will look to government equity as a viable alternative form of financing. Works Cited Alt-Energy Firms Sink With Prices, Credit; New fuels, technology less competitive now, financing more scarce. (FRONT PAGE NEWS). Investors Business Daily (Dec 2, 2008): A01. General OneFile. Gale. 19 Apr. 2009. Caruana, Jaime. Viewpoint: A Significant Test Of Emerging Markets Taking A Global Perspective Is Vital To Learn Lessons From Financial Market Turbulence And find The Right Approach To Move Forward In The Future, Says Jaime Caruana. (Viewpoint essay). The Banker (Nov 1, 2007): NA. General OneFile. Gale. 19 Apr. 2009. Greed-and fear A special report on the future of finance. The Economist 24 January 2009: 1-15. Bartiromo, Maria. â€Å"Straight Talk from the Fed; New York Federal Reserve President Tim Geithner on housing prices, regulation, and the post-Greenspan era. Business Week Online (May 4, 2006): NA. General OneFile. Gale. 19 Apr. 2009.

Immigration to Ellis Island :: Informative Essay

Immigrants came to American in search of freedom and opportunity. They mostly came by steamship. Examinations and vaccinations of the immigrants needed to be done. Both immigrants and their baggage had to be disinfected before they could leave Ellis Island. At the entrance to the Lower Bay of New York Harbor, the immigrants were inspected for contagious diseases like, smallpox, yellow fever, and measles. After which they were filed to the reception area. They had to climb three floors of stairs as medical officers watched them for signs of lameness, shortness of breath, heart conditions and mental conditions. The next examination was called the eyelid lift. The doctors used a hook to lift the eyelids to look for trachoma. Trachoma is " an easily spread infection of the eye. Repeated occurrences scar the upper eyelid, eventually turning it inward. The eyelashes then scratch the cornea, leading to blindness." Chalk marks were put on their clothes to indicate what was wrong. A few were, Sc for scalp disease, G for goiter, K for hernia, L for lameness and S for senility. The final test was to answer 29 questions including: name, sex, marital status, occupation, nationality, ability to read and write, race, physical and mental health, how much money they had, prison records, and if they were polygamists or anarchists. When the immigrants passed these tests they could exchange their gold, silver and money for American money and buy railroad tickets to go anywhere they wanted in America.

Bacteria

Bacteria ? small prokaryotic microorganisms that can be found everywhere ? can cause disease. This may seem like basic knowledge today, but it was not in the past. In the 19th century, the spread of disease was believed to be either inherited, due to lifestyle choices, or a result of environmental factors; water and air-borne infections were not generally accepted, which was, in reality, the cause of a significant amount of diseases during that time period. In addition, their treatments were largely based on the change of location to an area with cleaner air along with the removal of the disease through blood, vomit, and feces. (Marsh, 2016) These beliefs started to disappear when scientists and physicians such as Robert Koch began to undergo breakthroughs. Koch had a significant number of discoveries that helped create and develop what we now call bacteriology such as discovering the bacteria responsible for anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) In fact, he is even considered the father of bacteriology. Without the research conducted and discoveries made by Robert Koch, the field of bacteriology would not be nearly as advanced and evolved as it is today. Robert Koch, born on December 11, 1843 in Clausthal, Germany, showed great intelligence throughout his life, even during its first few years; he taught himself to read by the age of five through newspapers and showed interest in biology in high school, foreshadowing the significant contributions he would go on to make in the field. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) Koch attended the University of GÃ ¶ttingen to study medicine during which he was influenced by the view of his anatomy professor, Jacob Henle, that infectious diseases were caused by living parasitic organisms which was published in 1840. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) This led to him developing a strong interest in pathology and infectious diseases as a medical student. (Famous Scientists, n.d.) Following him receiving his M.D. in 1866, Koch went to Berlin to study chemistry under Virchow and then worked in the General Hospital at Hamburg in general practice. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) Later on, he settled in the Province of Posen where he passed the District Medical Officer's Examination. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) After serving as a field surgeon in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, he served as the District Medical Officer in Wollstein from 1872 to 1880. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) As the District Medical Officer, he built a small laboratory that contained a microscope, a microtome, and a homemade incubator in which he began his study of algae and then pathogenic organisms. (Stevenson, 1998) The beliefs of the early 19th century, such as those mentioned previously, were all about to change. The germ theory was being developed by Louis Pasteur (Brought to Life, n.d.) who had shifted from studying fermentation to studying disease. (Ullmann, n.d.) However, the role of bacteria in contagious disease was uncertain, which is where Koch decided to begin his research. (Brought to Life, n.d.) Robert Koch made significant discoveries regarding the cause of three diseases that were prevalent at the time: anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. His study of anthrax began when he noticed many of the farm animals in the Wollstein district, where he worked, were being infected by anthrax. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) The bacteria Bacillus anthracis had already been discovered, but Koch scientifically proved it was the cause of anthrax. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) He did this by infecting mice with the bacteria and observing it had contracted anthrax and had even passed it to other mice (Brought to Life, n.d.) In addition, while studying anthrax, Koch discovered the anthrax life cycle by growing cultures on an ox eye. The life cycle showed how the bacteria can turn into spores that can survive harsh conditions and then redevelop into the disease-causing bacteria years later. (Stevenson, 1998) Along with the anthrax research, Koch discovered the tubercle bacillus responsible for causing tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the method for growing pure cultures of it. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) He did this by developing and altering his method of staining to find a more efficient way to view samples. (Stevenson, 1998) The last disease Koch studied was cholera, and he discovered the vibrio that causes the disease, Vibrio cholerae, in Egypt where he was sent to observe the outbreak of the disease. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) The discovery of these bacteria had an immense impact on the medical field. First, the discovery of the cause for anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera led to the development of their vaccines, for had scientists not known for sure what caused those diseases, they would not have been able to develop the preventative measures. Also, Koch's work and research with anthrax produced the first definite piece of proof of the causal relationship between a specific microorganism and a specific disease, providing the basis of Koch's postulates. (Stevenson, 1998) He developed Koch's postulates which are four standards that must be met in order to determine the cause of an infectious disease ? another way he impacted the medical field. (Famous Scientists, n.d.) It was very useful because it was, and still is, a universal method for testing whether a specific bacterium causes a particular disease which also helped him discover the cause behind tuberculosis. (Hodkinson, 2015) It was for his work with tuberculosis that Robert Koch received a Nobel prize in 1905 in physiology or medicine. (Brought to Life, n.d.) This research conducted by Koch successfully provided proof for the germ theory, strengthening the understanding of disease. Without the work done by Koch to determine the bacteria that cause these diseases, many deadly diseases may have still been around decades after they should have been eradicated, for it was largely due to him that other scientists went on to figure out the causes of various other diseases.(Brought to Life, n.d.) While finding and determining the cause of these diseases, Robert Koch discovered more efficient methods for viewing bacteria. One of the methods is the process of heat fixing. In his paper published in 1877, Koch described his technique of preparing a thin layer of bacteria on a glass slide and fixing them by passing the slide over a flame, exposing it to gentle heat. (Stevenson, 1998) Moreover, Koch and his team developed methods of staining bacteria to improve its visibility under a microscope. (Brought to Life, n.d.) Along with that, he created a solid substance on which to grow bacteria. He reached the final product by first evaluating coagulated egg albumen, starch paste, and a clean slice of potato and then deciding on a broth solidified using gelatin or agar. (Nobel Media AB, 2014) These procedures greatly impacted bacteriology, providing scientists with more efficient ways to carefully study bacteria under a microscope and in the pure form. The processes of heat fixing and staining allowed Koch himself to discover the tubercle bacillus and have enabled scientists after that to make remarkable breakthroughs and discoveries. The creation of the solid medium using gelatin was an extraordinary achievement; it made it possible to isolate bacterial colonies. This was crucial during the research conducted, for pure cultures were necessary in order to isolate the bacteria and definitively carry out experiments. The development of all these procedures assisted Koch himself in his discoveries along with other scientists and physicians later on. Robert Koch, with the help of methods he developed including heat fixing, staining, and isolating colonies on a hard medium, successfully determined and proved the bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera. All the discoveries and achievements have had a great impact in medicine, especially in bacteriology which is what it is today due to the work of Robert Koch.

Mercedes Benz Swot, Segmentation, 4p’s

Assessment Sheet INTERVIEWEE NAME:___________________________________ DATE:__________ APPEARANCE |Poor |Fair |Average |Good |Superior | |Dress | | | | | | |Body Language | | | | | | |Eye Contact | | | | | | | | |CHARACTERISTICS |Poor |Fair |Average |Good |Superior | |Language â€Å"introduction† | | | | | | |General –What do you know about the iti OR why you | | | | | | |want to join the iti? | | | | | | |Assertive â€Å"Can you explain an occasion when you have | | | | | | |had to motivate and boost the morale of your | | | | | | |colleagues†. | | | | | | |Achievement-oriented â€Å"Describe a time when you made a | | | | | | |suggestion to improve the work in your organization. | | | | | | |Stress Management â€Å"How do you feel about working | | | | | | |nights and weekends? † | | | | | | |Strategic Thinking â€Å"if you have 2 demotivated Students| | | | | | |in your class what will you do to motivate them ? † | | | | | | |Outgoing â€Å"Wh en do you give-up? † | | | | | | |Open â€Å"why do you want to be soft-skills instructor? | | | | | | |General | | | | | | |â€Å"Tell me about a time when you were working alone and | | | | | | |needed to motivate yourself. What were the | | | | | | |circumstances, and how did you do it? † | | | | | | |Leadership â€Å"would you prefer to lead or to follow? _ | | | | | | |â€Å"if you have an idea, How do you get others to accept | | | | | | |your ideas? †Ã‚  _†what do the traits that should be found| | | | | | |in the leader? â€Å" | | | | | | |â€Å"Tell me about a time when you were working alone and | | | | | | |needed to motivate yourself. What were the | | | | | | |circumstances, and how did you do it? | | | | | | |Vision â€Å"what do you see your self after 5 years† â€Å" do | | | | | | |you see that soft skills will help you achieving your | | | | | | |goal? † | | | | | | |Ability to learn â€Å"Do you take initiative to lear n | | | | | | |something new, or you wait till you are ordered to do | | | | | | |so? | | | | | | | | |GOALS/PERCEPTION OF SELF |Poor |Fair |Average |Good |Superior | |Realistic appraisal of self | | | | | | |Reason for interest in field | | | | | | | | |OVERALL |Poor |Fair |Average |Good |Superior | |EVALUATION | | | | | | |ADDITIONAL COMMENTS: |

Functions of Criminal Law Essays

Functions of Criminal Law Essays Functions of Criminal Law Essay Functions of Criminal Law Essay Criminal Law: Why We Need It Jayme Cole JUS201 Criminal Law March 16, 2013 Many may wonder what is criminal law and how and why was it put in place? There have been criminals since back in biblical times and thus the start of criminal law. During this time, laws where molded from the â€Å"eye for an eye† standard and thus becoming a set of established laws. This was not literal to the eye itself but the value of an eye, in other words â€Å"value for value†. When read in context, this is a statement of the modern â€Å"rule of proportionality† standard used in our courts today. Over time criminal law has developed into five functions: maintaining order, resolving disputes, protecting individuals and property, provide for a smooth functioning society and safeguarding civil liberties. (â€Å"Functions of criminal,†) These functions touch on different aspects of life and living by setting standards. In this paper I will discuss each of these functions and the role they play in society. First, I will touch on maintaining order. This provides predictability, letting people know what to expect from others. Without this, there would be chaos and uncertainty. To maintain order we rely on the services provided by the police departments, courts, and corrections. The purpose of police is to maintain order and also provide services. They operate within a community to prevent and control crime. They also assist prosecutors in criminal investigations by gathering evidence necessary to obtain convictions in the court. The purpose of the courts is to discover the truth and seek justice accordingly using their key players being prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges. : Lastly, probation, parole, jail, prison serve as correctional agencies who’s purpose it to punish, rehabilitate and ensure public safety through means of incarceration, community based programs, electric monitoring/house arrest among others. (â€Å"The structure of,†) Secondly, let’s touch on resolving disputes. The law makes it possible to resolve conflicts and disputes between quarreling citizens. By means of arbitration and/or mediation one can actually have their issue handled outside of court and be provided a peaceful and orderly way to have their grievance, such as small laims, divorce, separation, abuse, harassment, evictions, etc. , handled. (â€Å"Resolving your dispute,† 2013) While mediation is a non-bonding process that allows a neutral third-party, usually the mediator, to work with both party to assist in bringing about an agreeable settlement. The mediator carries no authority. In arbitration, the arbitrator acts more like a judge hearing t he evidence presented and making a decision that is binding to both of the parties involved. Next, we have protecting individuals and property. This protects citizens from the rebellious criminals who inflict harm on others or take their property. Many of the criminal laws are intended for those who steal and harm the physical integrity of ones body. (â€Å"Functions of criminal,†) There are numerous laws against harming or attempting to harm another by methods of battery, assault, murder, homicide, rape, and domestic violence. When it comes to ones property there are another set of criminal codes providing penalties for criminal damage, trespassing, theft, robbery, extortion, burglary, and fraud. This is only a short list of crimes that a person and/or their property are protected from. Then, providing for a smooth functioning society enables the government to collect taxes, control pollution, and accomplish other socially beneficial tasks. (â€Å"Functions of criminal,†) Criminal prosecutions punish tax law violators and deter other persons who would violate those laws. They have also enacted guidelines and penalties for industrial and commercial sources such as oil refineries, power plants, garbage dumps, automobiles, steel mills and also chemical plants such as dry cleaning and restaurant establishments, to establish a clean air policy. Finally, there is safeguarding civil liberties meaning criminal law protects an individual’s freedom to exercise one’s rights as guaranteed under the laws of the country. Examples of the civil liberties that are safeguarded are your rights under the U. S. Constitution, more specifically would be the five listed in the First Amendment; speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition. (â€Å"Civil liberties and,† 2013) These guarantee that the government cannot step in and tell you what religion you have to practice, if any. You can say what you want and think how you want. Actions to some thoughts can have varied results. Overall, criminal law regulates social conduct and proscribes threatening, harming, or otherwise endangering the health, safety, and moral welfare of people. It includes the punishment of people who violate these laws. They keep things fair for all without discrimination, if something is not fair a law can always be changed by utilizing your right to vote (â€Å"Why do we,† 2011). People say at one time or another they would like have no rules (laws) to live by. Think about if we lived in a law-free nation? It would be completely chaotic, ruthless and dangerous. Society itself would break down. Now, think about all those times the police get called for fights, loud noise, unruly kids, parties, bars, shop lifting, stealing, medical emergencies the list goes on and on until you are blue in the face. The cost of everyday items would be outrageous; you think gas is high now? Most people do not realize how many laws have effect in their day to day life, just think of what you do and what you use and what law is protecting you from harms way. References Civil liberties and civil rights. (2013). Retrieved from ushistory. org/gov/10. asp Functions of criminal law. (n. d. ). Retrieved from liffsnotes. com/study_guide/Functions-of-Criminal-Law. topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9927. html Resolving your dispute out of court. (2013). Retrieved from courts. ca. gov/selfhelp-adr. htm Sterling, J. (2002). Concepts of justice past and present. Retrieved from lawandliberty. org/justice. htm The structure of criminal justice. (n. d. ). Retrieved from cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/The-Struc ture-of-Criminal-Justice. topicArticleId-10065,articleId-9908. html Why do we need laws?. (2011). Retrieved from studyzone. org/testprep/ss5/b/absofgovl. cfm

Microsoft India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microsoft India - Essay Example Microsoft overhauled its entire marketing strategy in India to be able to gain favor with the Indian customers. It had to abandon its â€Å"one size fits all† principle that was the main strategy of the company and made it a force to be reckoned with in highly developed countries. They had to be more aware of the needs and the capacity of the customers in India and developed ways that will allow them to compete with its extremely cheaper competitors of open source programs and imitations. They had to create a renewed perception in the view of the customers that Microsoft is affordable. More than this, they were able to establish that the company works for them and is flexible to their needs instead of the other way around. Had Microsoft not bent to the market and waited (or demanded) for the status quo similar to that in the US, then its presence in India would be nothing more than superfluous and their market in the country will stagnate sale the few consumers willing to shed what is on their market value exorbitant amounts.They were able to address the issues by creating innovations that help out the people. The retail-base products that they sold by monthly increments was a genius way that was fit for the consumption attitude of the market and the availability of their resources. They have paved the way as a venue for social change especially for their projects that help out schools and small businesses while being able to gain profit and establishing the presence of Microsoft in the country.

What Is Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Is Poverty - Essay Example But look at it this way, if America which is considered as one of the wealthiest nations in the world has this problem, how much more in other developing economies? The article might seem like an exaggeration of what poverty is. Yet at the eyes of Africans and Asians, this is just a minute detail of the life they are living. The article defines poverty as being dirty, tired, cold during winter and having insects all over you in summer, asking for other’s people help, remembering how you are treated rudely, and having no access to what the rich call basic necessities. In a way, this definition of poverty encapsulates how it is to be poor in comparison to the rich people around you. The article has been right to point out that poverty devoids people of a chance of being clean since there is no money to buy soap and sometimes even water. Poverty also makes one susceptible to the cold in winter and the insects in the summer. Because of our culture of measuring and accepting an individual based on his social status, the poor also struggles with the lack of social circles and being constrained in their immediate environment. Lastly, it means having to be sick, uneducated and remain poor the rest of your life. It also is giving up your relationships because it burdens you more. This account of poverty from a person in the US is nothing compared to what is experienced in third world countries. In these nations, poverty goes beyond not having a decent home and decent clothing—poverty means having no roof to shield you from the sun and rain and no clothes to cover your body. It also means living in dumpsites and collecting garbage with the hope of finding thrown away food. It is asking for help and desperately stealing to fill your stomach. Yet, in third world countries, poverty and good relationship is much more honored than riches without the people you love. At most instances, poverty